NOTE MAKING & SUMMARY WRITING CLASS XI -NCERT ENGLISH
NOTE MAKING
Tips to prepare Notes:
1. Prepare notes using phrases only, never use complete sentences
2. The topic sentence of each paragraph is the main point and ideas affiliated to it are Sub points- one or more, depending on the concepts in the paragraph.
3. Each sub-point may or may not have supplementary ideas which become sub-sub points.
4. Provide an appropriate title for the notes or the summary or abstract, as given in the question.
5. Include a minimum of 4-6 distinctly different recognizable short forms i.e. abbreviations of the words in the notes.
6. Cover all the important points in the notes meaningfully to prepare the abstract/summary in about 80-100 words.
7. Write the summary or abstract in complete sentences in a paragraph.
INDENTATION OF NOTES
All similar level points should maintain the same distance from the margin.
Left hand margin heading
Ø Write the heading/title in block letters.
Ø Underline the heading/title.
Ø Do not give a one-word title.
For Example, the title of a passage on “Darwinism” could be Need For Universal
Darwinism
A. Main Point
1. Sub-points
1.1 Follow the indented format
1.2 Don’t write complete sentences
1.3 Use abbreviations and symbols where required.
1.4 Notes should not be very long.
1.5 …………………………..
1.5.1 Sub-sub-sub point
1.5.2 Sub-sub-sub-point
2. Sub-point
2.1 Sub-sub point
2.2 Sub-sub point
B. Main point …..
KINDS OF FORMATS
Different kinds of formats may be used, depending on the theme of the passage.
FORMAT I
Mixed Indent with Examples
A. Reasons
1. can’t remember much information’ without writing
2. help mem – exams
3. can consult
B. Characteristics
1. short
2. main pts only
3. note form
(i) no complete sent
(ii) divs and sub-divs
(iii) use of abbreviation and symbols
4. understandable
FORMAT II
Indented Roman Numerals
A. Reasons
i. can’t discover information without knowing
ii. help remember- points through notes
iii. can consult
B. Characteristics
I. Short
II. Main points only
III. Note form
(i) No complete sentences
(ii) divs and sub-divs
(iii) use of abbreviation and symbols
IV. understandable
FORMAT III
Indented Decimals
A. Reasons
1.1 can’t remember much information without writing
1.2 help mem-exams
1.3 can consult
B. Characteristics
2.1 short
2.2 main points only
2.3 note form
2.3.1 No complete sentences
2.3.2 divs and sub-divs
2.3.3 use of abbreviation and symbols
2.4 understandable
Abbreviations Words
Abbr abbreviation
avt aviation
fmly family
pnt point
engr engineer
ABBREVIATIONS
Use standard abbreviation and symbols as far as practicable
a. First letters of names must be capitalized.
e.g., USA, Darwin, Mumbai etc.
b. Common abbreviations should be used.
e.g., sc for science, Mr, Mrs, Dr, Govt, etc.
c. Common symbols should be used.
e.g., +ve, -ve, -(approaches), (rising), (falling).
=(equal), = (equivalent), etc.
d. Figures should be used in measurements.
e.g., 100kg, 1000mm, 100ml, 100’, 10” etc.
e. When making your own abbreviations, try to keep the main sounds of the word.
e.g., edn for education, ddvlpt for development
f. Retain the suffix, so that when you are going over the notes later, you may
understand the full form of the abbreviation.
e.g., ednl (educational), progve(progressive).
g. As a general rule, headings should not be abbreviated. You can use
abbreviations in main points, sub-points etc.
h. Ideally, you do not require more than 4-5 words to be abbreviated in a passage
besides the common abbreviations.
Some Common Abbreviations
HOW TO SUMMARIZE A GIVEN PASSAGE
Ø Read (First Read) Read the passage very carefully and critically. Read the passage straight through. Do not stop to look up anything that gives you trouble at the first reading.You should get a feel for the author’s tone, style and main idea.
Ø Reread (Second Read) Rereading should be active reading. Underline the topic sentences and key facts with pencil.
Ø Label the areas that you want to refer to as you write your summary. Also label the areas that you find irrelevant. Identify areas that you do not understand and try to clarify those points.
Ø One Sentence at a time Now write the main idea of each paragraph in one well developed sentence. Make sure that what include in your sentence are key points, not minor details.
Ø Write a Thesis Statement The key to a well-written summary is the Thesis Statement. A quality Thesis Statement could either express one main idea or assert your conclusions about the subject.
Ø Generally, a thesis statement consists of the following parts
Ø a clearly identifiable topic or subject matter, and
Ø a succinct summary of what you have to say about that topic.
Ø Ready to Write You can use Thesis Statement as the introductory sentence of your summary, while your other sentences can make up the body.
In fact, a good summary should give ideas, facts or points in the order in which they are given in the original text.
Add some transition words such as then, however, also, moreover etc, that help with the overall structure and flow of the summary.
The following tips will help you to write a good summary
i) Write in the present tense (preferably in active voice).
ii) Be Concise summary should be within the words limit (about 80 words) and should be coherent without any errors in logic. Don’t put your opinions, ideas or interpretations into the summary.
Check for Accuracy Reread your summary and make sure that you have accurately represented the author’s ideas and key points. Make sure that your summary does not contain your own comments.
Revise Revise your summary for style, grammar and punctuation. Correct all the errors in composition and rewrite it if needed.
PASSAGE 1
DISCURSIVE PASSAGE
1. On a serious level, when was the last time you remember keeping your emotions solely to yourself, when a disaster struck? Or was averted? Agreed, humans are social beings who need feedback based on their social interactions. But, in today’s times, where people-men and women alike-thrive on social approval, it feels like your happiness is on a leash depend on social media, or society at large. A person could possibly go to any extent to seek attention. Lying, cheating, manipulating, constantly blabbing or being intentionally silent, are
all a part of the process to be the centre of attention. Everyone want to be liked and be popular. Attention gives a pleasurable high and does wonderful thing to one’s ego and self-worth It is when to seeking exceeds normalcy that the trouble begins. Both too much of attention and the lack of it are obvious signs of trouble.
2. Also known as Histrionic Personality Disorder, attention-seeking is an attempt to desperately attract the attention of other people, typically by disruptive or excessively extrovert behavior. To find an attention-seeker around you, look for someone who says, “I want to kill myself,” after a mere bad day at work, or simply throws a tantrum for not being given enough time. Taking on the role of a victim or a damsel-in-distress is a typical trait of an attention-seeker. Simply put, attention-seekers are the drama queens we come across frequently in our life. According to clinical psychiatrist, Dr Harish Shetty, from Hiranandani Hospital, Mumbai, “Attention-seeking is not exactly a disorder. We all want approval in some way or the other from the people we are around with. It massages our ego and therefore, has a feel-good factor to it. Seeking approval enhances our identity.” He explains how attention seeking ,if casual, can be encouraging, “but once out of control, if the persons’ obsession set sin, the trouble that follows ruins a person’s relationships and eventually their peace of mind.”
3. Attention-seeking generally happens in a large magnitude to people who blame others. The blaming is a type of coping mechanism the attention-mongers feel is essential to justify the mistakes they refuse to own up to. Dr. Shetty elaborates, “People who are narcissistic will seek attention in a larger than life manner like dramatizing even the smallest of things that happens to them. Also, adults who have been spoilt as children will have a lesser sense of responsibility towards other as well as themselves, so are more likely to be narcissistic.” This behaviour can be seen in adults who have had an unpleasant past, i.e. they have been ignored, neglected bullied, or abused in may way before. They gradually start becoming addicted to it. They think making up for all the years of unfairness they have faced as a child is best done by seeking attention. They pre-teen years are extremely significant as they mould the child he or she is to become when they fully grow up. Frustration, anger, and disturbing relationships ensue if there is an excess of this behavior. The person can also grow to be extremely anxious and develop an nervous anxiety. Dr. Shetty adds, “Mostly seen in kids, this behavior generally tends to die out with age. But as adults, people suffering from a terminal illness, ones who have faced a huge loss in business, break-ups or divorces, also portrary such behavior. If not handled with maturity, it worsens. But, when someone faces a challenge, they think they are incapable of handling, it can amplify uneasiness in them and they resort to playing the victim all the time. A lot of other causes, however are varied and highly subjective.”
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary – minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it. 5
TITLE : YOUR ATTENTION PLEASE
NOTES
1. Crave Attentn.
1.1 keeping your emotions
1.2 need feedback on social interactn.
1.3 thrive social approval
2. Extent to Seek Attentn.
2.1 lyng.
2.2 cheatng.
2.3 manpul.
2.4 constantly blabbng. or being intentionally silent
3. What exactly is attentn. seeking?
3.1 attempt to desperately attract the attentn.
3.2 person’s obsession sets in
3.3 want approval in some way or the other
3.4 massages our ego, has a feel good factor
4. Once out of control
4.1 ruins a person’s relationship and peace of mind
4.2 person grows anxious
5. Why it happens?
5.1 blame others
5.2 likely to be narcissistic
5.3 had an unpleasant past
Key to Abbreviation
1. attentn. - attention
2. interactn. - interaction
3. lyng. - lying
4. cheating. - cheating
5. manpul. - manipulating
6. & - and
7. blabbng. - blabbing
(b) Write a summary of the above passage in about 80 words. 3
Everyone wants to be liked and be popular. Attention gives a pleasurable high and does a wonderful thing to one’s ego and self-worth. It is when the seeking exceeds normally that the trouble begins. Both too much of attention and the lack of it are obvious signs of trouble. Also known as Histrionic Personality Disorder, it attracts the attention of other people, typically by disruptive or excessively extrovert behaviour. But once out of control, if the person’s obsession sets in, the trouble that follows ruins a person’s relationships and eventually their peace of mind. This behaviour can be seen in adults who have had led an unpleasant past i.e.
they have been ignored, neglected, bullied or abused in many ways before. If not handled with maturity, it worsens. Instead of ridiculing the person, they should be sympathized with and treated with compassion.
PASSAGE 2
FACTUAL PASSAGE
Read the passage carefully.
1. Pre- colonial history of Bengal is closely linked with the emergence, growth and decline of Murshidabad. It has governed all the proceedings of the 18th century eastern India and provided the platform from which the colonial interests had launched themselves and subsequently became an imperial power in 1857.
2. It is quite obvious that such a socio- political stage has enormous potential to engage any visitor from far and wide through its myriad cultural landscape. A seat of power of such a scale attracts lot of wealth, creativity and activity. For example the annual revenue of Bengal paid to the Mughal Emperor amounts to One Crore Sicca Taka-in early seventeenth century was an unbelievable amount. In a cunning strategy move, Murshidkuli Khan shifted the administrative power centre of Bengal to the Bank of Bhagirathi- the prime life force of North India and almost in the geographic centre of the province in 1701.
3. One primary policy decision triggered series of subsequent events. Sensing the potential for enhanced financial opportunity, trading community from 'Nagore' town in the Rajput State of Jodhpur migrated to Bengal. They settled in the areas of Mahimapur, Jyaganj and Azimganj and got themselves known as 'Shaherwali Community'. Over the years the accumulated enormous wealth and became an important factor governing the economy of Bengal. Mughal Emperor acknowledged their importance and had conferred the title 'Jagat Seth' (cashier of the world). Jainism spread rapidly with the prosperity of the community in the localities of Azimganj, Jiyaganj and Katgola. While Murshidabad was being built according to the Muslim traditions, Hindu philosophies governed the development of the Jiyaganj, Azimganj.
4. In fact four of the important Jain Tirths in Bengal, three lies at Azimganj- Shree Chintamoni Parswanath Bhagwan, Jiyaganj- Shree Sambhavnath Bhagwan, Katgola-Shree Adinath Bhagwan.
5. The large havellis, mansions, palaces, gardens lay neglected and weathered. It draws today certain amount of History, cultural enthusiast and that too on a day visit. Whereas its enormous potential for cultural tourism and pilgrimage remained unexplored. Its old trade links and networks also lay dormant for the want of sponsors.
6. The circuit of Mushidabad-Jiyaganj-Azimganj is just waiting for the right kind of initiative and public support for its revitalization. Cultural tourism appears to be the right catalyst to trigger such an initiative.
7. No tourism initiative is sustainable unless it gains the support of its local community. Community initiatives are best when it rides on the pride for themselves and have a deep rooted attachment for the place. Fortunately the Shaherwali Community have a very strong social network bonded by the common religion of Jainism. They are very proud of their legacy and command large parcels of land Heritage buildings, artefacts and are quite committed for its restoration. Being mainly a trader's community they value their assets and understand the need for its conservation. To them assistance of any kind is important and they also realises that unless they obtain public support their individual effort is not sustainable.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary – minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it. 5
TITLE: Bengal- Heritage Unparalleled
NOTES
I. Emergence, Growth and Decline of Murshidabad
1. Imperial power proceedings
1.1 govrnd the proceedngs of the 18th century
2. Enormous otential
2.1 through its myriad cultural landscape
2.2 power attracts wealth, creativity and activity
3. Cunning strategical move
3.1.Murshidkuli Khan shifted power to Bank of Bhagirathi.
II. Sensing Potential for enhance
1. Financial & trading opportunities
1.1 attracts tradng community
1.2 Nagore town
III. Spread of Jainism
1. Shaherwali Community
1.1 strong social network
1.2 proud of legacy
1.3 enormous potential for cultural tourism and pilgrimage
1.4 deep rooted and attchmt.
2. Proud of legacy
2.1 heritage buildng.
2.2 artefacts
2.3 quite committed for restoration
3. Need of consvrtn.
3.1 obtain public support
3.2 individual effort not sustainable
Key to Abbreviation
1. proceedngs - proceedings
2. govrnd - governed
3. enhancemnt - enhancement
4. attachment - attachment
5. restoratn - restoration
6. buildng. - building
7. & - and
8. Consvrtn - conservation
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. 3
Pre-colonial history of Bengal is closely linked with the emergence, growth and decline of Murshidabad. It is quite obvious that such a socio- political stage has enormous potential. In a cunning strategical move Murshidkuli Khan shifted the administrative power centre from Bengal to Bank of Bhagirathi. Over the years they accumulated enormous wealth and became an important factor governing the economy of Bengal. Mughal Emperor acknowledged their importance. Jainism spread rapidly with the prosperity of the community. Its enormous potential for cultural tourism and pilgrimage remained unexplored. Fortunately the Shaherwali Community have a strong social network bonded by the common religion of Jainism. Being mainly a trader's community they value the assets and understand the need for its conservation with public support.
PASSAGE 3
FACTUAL PASSAGE
Read the passage carefully.
1. A vast blanket of pollution stretching across South Asia is cutting down sunlight by 10 percent over India, damaging agriculture, modifying rainfall patterns and putting hundreds of thousands of people at risk, according to a new study.
2. The startling findings of scientists working with the United Nations Environment Programme indicate that the spectacular economic growth seen in this part of the world in the past decade may soon falter as a result of this pollution.
3. Research carried out in India indicates that the haze caused by pollution might be reducing winter rice harvests by as much as 10 percent, the report said.
4. “Acids in the haze may be falling as acid rain, have the potential to damage crops and trees. Ash falling on leaves can aggravate the impact of reduced sunlight on earth’s surface. The pollution that is forming the haze could be leading to several hundreds of thousands of premature deaths as a result of higher levels of respiratory diseases,” it said. Results from seven cities in India alone, including Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Kolkata, estimate that air pollution was annually responsible for 24,000 premature deaths in the early 1990s. By the mid-1990s they resulted in an estimated 37,000 premature fatalities.
5. “The haze has cut down sunlight over India by 10 percent (so far)—a huge amount! As a repercussion, the North West of India is drying up,” Prof. V. Ramanathan said, when asked specifically about the impact of the haze over India. Stating that sunlight was going down every year, he said, “We are still in the early stage of understanding of the impact of the haze.”
6. Asked whether the current drought in most parts of India after over a decade of good monsoon was owing to the haze, he said, “ It was too early to reach a conclusion. If the drought persists for about four to five years, then we should start suspecting that it may be because of the haze.”
7. India, China and Indonesia are the worst affected owing to their population density, economic growth and depleting forest cover. The preliminary results indicate the buildup of haze, a mass of ash, acid, aerosols and other particles is disrupting weather systems, including rainfall and wind patterns and triggering droughts in western parts of the Asian Continent. The concern is that the regional and global impacts of the haze are set to intensify over the next 30 years as the population of the Asian region rises to an estimated five billion people.
Key to Abbreviations
S - South
% - percent
UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
Eco. - economic
N.W. - North- West
& - and
W - West
- because
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary – minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it. 5
Title: Global Impact of Pollution
NOTES
1. Effects of pollution is S.E. Asia
1.1 cutting 10% sunlight over India
1.2 damaging agriculture
1.3 modifying rainfall pattern
1.4 many people at risk
2. Revelations of UNEP
2.1 eco. growth may falter of pollution
2.2 haze van cause premature deaths
2.3 acid rain can damage crops & trees
3. Impact of haze over India
3.1 rise in respiratory diseases
3.2 has cut down sunlight over India by 10%
3.3 N.W. India is drying up
4. Impact on India, China & Indonesia
4.1 worst affected of height density of population
4.2 affecting eco. growth
4.3 depleting forest cover
5. Its results
5.1 weather systems can be disrupted
5.2 wind patterns will be disturbed
5.3 can trigger droughts in W.Asian continent
-52-
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. 3
The harmful effect of pollution can be seen across South Asia. This is most likely to falter the spectacular economic growth. The presence of acids in the haze can reduce winter harvest by ten percent. The pollution forming the haze can led to many premature deaths and has also cut down the sunlight over India by ten percent. The droughts in India could also be because of the haze . The worst affected countries are India, China and Indonesia because of their population density , economic growth and depleting forest cover. The main concern is that the regional and global impacts of haze are said to intensify over the next thirty years due to increase in population by five billion.
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